The E-Commerce Environment Of Singapore Essays - Republics

The E-Commerce Environment Of Singapore Geography The Republic of Singapore is located in southeast Asia, south of Malaysia and northwest of Indonesia. The island measures a total of 637 square kilometers with a coastline 193 kilometers long. Singapore is generally comprised of lowland areas with a central plateau in the middle of the island. Its elevation ranges from the Bukit Timah, (166 m.), to the Singapore Strait which is at sea level. Its climate is tropical and wet. Precipitation occurs on 40% of all days, (70% of days in April). Singapore's two biggest natural recourses are its fishing industry, and its deep water ports. Singapore is also a focal point for most Southeast Asian sea routes. History Singapore was originally settled by Great Britain in 1819 as a port of call. The British used Singapore to extend their territories in Indonesia. It remained under British rule until 1941 when Japan bombed and captured Singapore. After three years of Japanese rule, British forces returned to the island. By this time Singapore was longing for self-government. Singapore realized its need for independence in 1959 holding its first general election. The new, independent Singapore was voted into the United Nations in 1965. On December 22, 1965, Singapore became a republic electing Yusof bin Ishak as its first president. Infrastructure In Singapore's short life as a republic, it has developed a sound infrastructure. In the way of transportation, Singapore has a total of 105 kilometers of railways used for commercial and personal transportation. It has also built over 3,000 kilometers of highways, 2,936 of which are paved. Singapore also boasts a 67 kilometer mass transit system with 42 stations. The mass transit system is the preferred means of travel in Singapore due to the fact that only one of every ten people own an automobile. Singapore produces 28 billion kilowatts of electricity annually. One hundred percent of Singapore's electricity is produced by means of fossil fuel. An estimated 97% of all residents live in households with electricity and running water. Singapore's leading industries include: electronics, petroleum refining, oil drilling equipment, rubber products and rubber processing, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology, and financial services. Technological Infrastructure for E-commerce Singapore has a business environment that is conducive to the support of the E-commerce environment. The E-commerce environment consists of the physical internet network, components, and internet services. The environment also includes a collection of supports and incentives to assist and promote the on-line community. Internet Awareness and Usage Approximately Ninety-two percent of adults aged 18 to 55 years old are aware of the Internet. About one third (32%) of the total population have used the internet. This gives Singapore roughly 667,000 adult internet users. However, only 13% of internet users have ever made online purchases. When surveyed only 21% of internet users were aware that these services existed. The bulk of the population uses the internet primarily for information searches and electronic mail (38% and 30% respectively) Infrastructure Services In order to develop, E-businesses need an operating environment including network services, payment services, and trust systems. The information technology industry in Singapore has been working with the government to develop online payment systems, security systems, directory services, and other E-commerce services essential to a developing online industry. Connectivity Singapore has a 45 Mbps (Megabytes per second) direct connection the US Internet system. The Singapore Telecom Internet Exchange (STIX) is an Asian-Pacific Rim internet hub connecting 15 countries with sub-marine fiber optic cables. The STIX boasts a 34 Mbps connection and provides high-speed, quality internet service to corporate users and internet service providers. Other service providers such as Pacific internet and Cyberway provide a high bandwidth connection to Japan and direct most of the regional internet traffic. Laws and Regulations Pro-business and E-business regulations are vital to the growth of E-commerce. The government of Singapore has committed itself to creating an on-line environment of certainty, predictability, and trust so internet companies feel secure in conducting online business. In 1997 the Evidence Act was amended to include electronic records as admissible evidence in courts. In July of 1998 the ETA (Electronic Transactions Act) was created. The ETA provides a legal foundation for collecting electronic signatures. This provides certainty and validity to contracts formed on-line. Singapore's government has also taken steps

Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essays

Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essays Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essay Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essay Essay Topic: As I Lay Dying JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 91 March 1 998 Death and dying-a Muslim perspective Aziz Sheikh MRCP MRCGP J R Soc Med 1998;91:138-140 The care of dying patients and their relatives is one of the most difficult aspects of a doctors job. Enabling an individual to die with dignity can also be deeply rewarding. Britain today is a cosmopolitan society made up of people from numerous religious and cultural traditions. The care of patients with backgrounds different from ones own requires knowledge and skills. There are approximately 2 million Muslims in the UK1. Although most originate from he Indian subcontinent2 substantial numbers have arrived recently from Africa and to a lesser extent Central Europe. Islamic Law (Shariah) is based on the Quran and Hadith (the practices and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad)3. The Shariah defines certain expected behaviours at the time of death and these are generally adhered to by Muslims in Britain. In this pape r I offer some guidance on caring for Muslim patients in their final illness. MUSLIM BELIEF REGARDING DEATH, ABORTION AND EUTHANASIA For a Muslim, death marks the transition from one state of existence to the next. Islam teaches that life on earth is an examination-the life to come is the eternal abode where one will reap the fruit of ones endeavours on earth. Death is therefore not to be resisted or fought against, but rather something to be accepted as part of the overall divine plan4. Further, death is not a taboo subject in Muslim society and is a matter upon which one is encouraged to reflect frequently. In counselling of Muslims regarding a terminal illness, or relatives after a bereavement, these points should be borne in mind. Islam views life as sacred and a trust from God (Allah). Termination of pregnancy is therefore generally not permissible within the Islamic frameworks. If the subject needs to be broached this should be done with extreme sensitivity. To step outside the Islamic framework and have an abortion may engender much guilt. Similarly, deliberate euthanasia is prohibited6. Note, however, that undue suffering has no place in Islam and if death is hastened in the process of giving adequate analgesia then this is allowed. What is important is that the primary intent is not to hasten death. THE FINAL ILLNESS Certain death customs are almost universally practised by Muslims. Ideally Muslims would wish to die at home7. Making death clinical and remote in a hospital setting is not in keeping with the Islamic tradition. The dying person will expect to be visited by friends and relatives, who are encouraged to pray for his or her welfare in the life to come. This is a time when Muslims seek each others forgiveness for excesses that may have been inadvertently committed. Fifty people visiting in the space of a few days would not be exceptional; so strict adherence to 2 visitors per bed will cause difficulty for all concerned. Members of the immediate family will often stay by the bedside reciting from the Quran. Having a copy of the Quran on the ward, for those who have not remembered to bring their own, is a kindness. The daily prayers play a pivotal role in the day-to-day life of a Muslim, and prayer assumes an even greater role in times of suffering and distress. Family members will encourage the dying to continue with their prayers as long as they are able to do so. Before the prayer, ablution is performed; bed-bound patients will need help in this respect. Muslims pray towards Mecca, which is to the outh-east of Britain. Again for the bed-bound, positioning the bed in the direction of Mecca will simplify matters. Having a compass and prayer timetable available would be very useful; a prayer timetable is easily available from most local mosques. Many of the visitors and relatives will also need to perform their prayers and, unfortunately, hospitals seldom cater for this need8. DEATH, WASHING AND BURIA L When a Muslim dies, the eyes and mouth should be closed and the limbs should be straightened. The body should ideally face in the direction of Mecca. It is a religious equirement that the dead be buried as soon as possible and considerable family distress can be avoided by speedy production of the death certificate. The body will be washed and shrouded in simple unsewn pieces of white cloth. A funeral prayer is held in the local mosque, and family and community members follow the funeral procession to the graveyard where a final prayer is said as 138 the deceased is laid to rest. Events occur in rapid succession Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 91 March 1998 and often the dead will be buried within 24 hours. The Muslim is always buried rather than cremated9. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS When new issues arise that are not explicitly dealt with in the Shariah, Muslim jurists are required to study the issue in question and using the principles enshrined within the Quran and Hadith give a legal opinion (fatwa). A fatwa is an opinion and therefore not binding; thus one can expect a broad range of views on a given question, and this is true of post-mortem examinations and organ transplantation. The majority opinion is that post-mortem examinations are not allowed. One reason is that the examination will inevitably delay the burial. Secondly, Islamic belief holds that it may be possible for the deceased to perceive pain. This is based on the statement of the Prophet Muhammad that to break the bone of a dead person is like breaking the bone of a living person10. A small but growing minority hold that post-mortem examinations are permissible11. Where the law of the land demands post-mortem examinations-i. e. at the coroners request-Muslims have no choice but to comply. In this case informing the coroners officer that the deceased is a Muslim may speed up the process since many coroners are aware of Muslim sensitivities. If for any other reason a post-mortem examination is considered desirable, family members must be told they have a free choice in the matter and their views must be respected. With regard to organ transplants opinion is more divided. For the reasons cited above many oppose the donating of organs. Further, it is argued that since life is a trust one has no right to donate any part of ones body to someone else. An increasing number of Muslims, however, are of the view that, in cases where it may save life, organ donation is permissible on the basis of the Islamic doctrine that necessity allows the prohibited12. CASE HISTORIES I close by offering two examples of poor practice and one of good. Case I A married genetics student attended the antenatal bookingin clinic in her first pregnancy. A routine dating ultrasound scan revealed that the fetus had increased nuchal thickness. Suspecting a diagnosis of Downs syndrome her consultant referred her to a tertiary centre for further investigations. Here she was followed up with serial ultrasound scans which revealed various congenital malformations that were considered incompatible with life. She was repeatedly a less than 1% chance of survival. This she consistently declined, stating that abortion was against her faith. Ultrasound monitoring continued until 34 weeks when she spontaneously went into labour. The baby, stillborn, was named and buried and is frequently visited by family members. Case 2 The parents of Zahra (not her real name), a 12-year-old girl with a progressive neurodegenerative disease, were invited o attend for a consultation to discuss their daughters prognosis. The consultant responsible for Zahras care informed them that she had deteriorated considerably over the past few months and that she was likely to deteriorate further in the near future. Throughout the discussion it was emphasized that Zahra had led a fruitful life, and that maximum effort would be made to ensure that she was kept pain-free. The ses sion was predominantly doctor-led, with the family being given little opportunity to discuss their hopes and fears. It ended with the clear message that Zahras end was imminent. She died shortly afterwards. Despite the best intentions of the clinician concerned, his lack of awareness of Muslim perspectives on the subject of death and dying led to a dysfunctional consultation. Though the issues raised by the consultant are frequently of great concern to those of a secular belief framework, they are of lesser concern to Muslims. Death is not seen as the end but rather as a passage into the eternal life. With regard to the impending or actual death of a child, it is customary to comfort the family by reminding them that children are ure and innocent, and hence have Paradise assured to them in the life to come. For a Muslim, there is no greater achievement. Case 3 A woman in her late 70s was admitted to hospital with pneumonia. It had been her third admission with the same condition in as many months. Tired and weak she had lost the will to continue and had stopped eating and drinking. After a few days of intensive treatment with little sign of improvement the consultant communed with family members regarding further management. A joint decision was made to suspend active treatment and to let nature take its course. She was kept comfortable with analgesia and regular mouthwashes. The family were given open visiting access and there remained someone with her at all times. When she died a few days later the necessary paperwork was completed immediately and she was buried within 12 hours. KEY MESSAGES *Muslims have beliefs and rituals surrounding death that advised to have a termination on the basis that the baby had are poorly understood by the medical profession. Greater 139 IJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 91 March 1998 understanding and sensitivity in this respect would help ase suffering and distress both to patient and family. *Visiting the sick and dying is a religious duty. Muslims dying in hospital may therefore have many visitors. Relaxation of hospital visiting regulations would facilitate this. * Prompt issue of the death certificate will allow the burial to take place rapidly, in keeping with Islamic Law. * Post-mortem examinations are generally prohibited. In the event of a post-mortem being desirable or necessary, this should be discussed fully with the family, who should be informed of their rights. * On organ transplantation, mixed views are expressed by he Muslim community in Britain. REFERENCES 1 Qureshi B. Transcultural Medicine Dealing with Patients from Different Cultures. London: Kluwer, 1989:161 2 Badawi Z. Islam in Britain. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1981:10 3 Doi AR. Shariah: The Islamic Law. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1984:21- 58 4 Neuberger J. Caring for Dying Patients of DjJerent Faiths, 2nd edn. London: Mosby, 1994:36 5 Ebrahim AF. Abortion, Birth Control and Surrogate Parenting-An Islamic Perspective. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication, 1989:67-77 6 Darsh SM. Islamic Health Rules. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1986:11-12 7 Gartrad AR. Muslim customs surrounding death, bereavement, postmortem examinations, and organ transplants. BMJ 1994;309:521-3 8 Sheikh A. Quiet room is needed in hospitals for prayer and reflection. BMJ 1997;315:1625 9 Black J. Broaden your mind about death and bereavement in certain ethnic groups in Britain. BMJ 1987;295:538 10 Al-Asqalani AIH. Bulugh Al-Maram. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996:199-200 11 Risper-Chaim V. The ethics of postmortem examinations in contemporary Islam. J Med Ethics 1993;19: 164-8 12 Anon. The Muslim Law (Shariah) Council and organ transplants. Accident Emerg Nursing 1996;4:73-5 140

Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives

Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives Exceptions for Hyphenating Compound Adjectives By Maeve Maddox Sometimes readers ask for posts that would require superhuman powers on my part: Kindly produce an article containing all the exceptions for hyphenating compound adjectives, with examples. Hyphenation is not an exact science, and not all style guides agree on the rules. The chief purpose of hyphenating compound adjectives is to avoid ambiguity. Most modern usage authorities opt for what The Chicago Manual of Style calls â€Å"a spare hyphenation style†: 7. Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds In general, Chicago prefers a spare hyphenation style: if no suitable example or analogy can be found either in this section or in the dictionary, hyphenate only if doing so will aid readability. When Grammar Girl was chided for writing â€Å"noise canceling headphones† instead of â€Å"noise-canceling headphones,† she pointed out that leaving out the hyphen in that phrase â€Å"causes no ambiguity.† When one of my own readers called my attention to the unhyphenated phrase â€Å"19th century standardization of time† in a recent post, I decided to change it to â€Å"nineteenth-century standardization of time†- not because I think it ambiguous without a hyphen, but because Chicago is the style guide I’ve chosen for these posts. I failed to note that Chicago offers an analogy for hyphenating nineteenth-century before a noun: fourteenth-century monastery (7.85). Note: Chicago recommends spelling out numerals below 100, so I must also change 19th to nineteenth. The AP Stylebook, on the other hand, requires the spelling out of numerals ten and below. For AP, 19th century is correct. Still another stylebook, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation) offers this advice about hyphenating constructions like â€Å"nineteenth century standardization†: As important as hyphens are to clear writing, they can become an annoyance if overused. Avoid adding hyphens when the meaning is clear. Many phrases are so familiar (e.g.,  high school, twentieth century, one hundred percent) that they can go before a noun without risk of confusing the reader. Examples: a high school senior a twentieth century throwback one hundred percent correct Because practice varies, I wouldn’t begin to attempt to list â€Å"all the exceptions for hyphenating compound adjectives.† The best advice I can offer the reader who asked for such a list is this: Choose a style guide and follow its recommendations- advice I shall try to follow more carefully in future posts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Awoken or Awakened?Empathic or Empathetic?

German Foreign Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

German Foreign Policy - Research Paper Example World development agenda depend on foreign policies adopted by member countries. It is important to note that foreign policies usually influence the economic prowess of a country. Bilateral trade usually depends on foreign policies adopted by the country. Some countries are not able to buy products from Germany due to the poor relationship between these countries. Some policies adopted by the United Nations influence the relationship between Germany and partner countries. Policies that influence trade and politics in various countries are very crucial because many countries depend on each other for economic development. Some foreign policies influence German contribution to the development of the developing countries (Robinson 14). The purpose of this paper is to describe, explain, and perhaps predict the foreign policy of Germany. The relationship between Germany and members of European Union hang on sound foreign policies adopted by Germany. European Union policies influence commer cial relationship among various member countries. Research indicates the one of notable steps made by the European Union is the development of a single currency that would be acceptable across Europe. This move intended to lift barriers to trade among the member countries. German traditional practices are contrary to the new move it has taken in handling foreign issues. Research reveals that Germany has adopted new foreign policies, which intend to enhance its relationship with other members of European Union. German foreign policy on international responsibility is very crucial for the economy of the country. Economist argue that Foreign policies of various countries including Germany are important than Domestic policies. Globalization is the major factor behind the revelation of various foreign policies that affect Germany. The international responsibility policy defines the role of German in promoting peace, security, trade, and politics in the world (Germany's foreign policy 1). Germany respects human rights, democracy, and approaches that promote dialogue among cultures. For instance, participation of German soldiers in world peace keeping is a show of international responsibility that Germany has. World peace is very crucial because peace influence trade, human rights, politics, and social lifestyle among others. The need to promote peace is one of the pillars United Nation. German influences many decisions that United Nations makes because it is a member of the Security Council. Studies indicate that globalization has influenced the stand that Germany takes when voting in the Security Council. The German vote influences the move that members of the council would take when handling issues of international concern. The effects of international responsibility policies include the move made by the Germany to send his soldier to fight against terrorism (Germany's foreign policy 4). The fight against terrorism calls for a collective approach that countries ta ke towards stumping the vice. Research indicates that the war does not belong to one country or the members of the Security Council, but to the world. This would call for a collective participation of various countries. The relationship between Germany and many countries depend on the international responsibility policy. Foreign department of various countries evaluate the role that bilateral relationship would play. The relational should benefit the countries

Opinion for a case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Opinion for a case - Essay Example The City of Ontario received 22 pagers from Arch Wireless in late 2001 and 2002. The method by which the text message are sent are as follows: the text message leaves the originating pager through a radio frequency transmission, which is then received by any one of many receiving stations, owned by Arch Wireless. The message is then entered into the Arch Wireless computer network by wire transmission or satellite. Once the message is in the Arch Wireless computer network, it is then relayed to the Arch Wireless computer server, where it is archived and stored for up to 72 hours, until the receiving pager can receive the text message. Once the message is archived and delivered in an Arch Wireless service area, the recipient pager is ready to receive delivery, at which point the Arch Wireless server retrieves the message and sends it to a transmitting station close to the recipient pager. Arch Wireless owns the transmitting stations. The City of Ontario, while having no official policy regarding text-messaging by use of its pagers, did not have a general policy regarding computer usage, internet and e-mail, and this policy is that â€Å"[t]he use of City-owned computers and all associated equipment, software, programs, networks, Internet, e-mail and other systems operating on these computers is limited to City of Ontario related business. The use of these tools for personal benefit is a significant violation of the City of Ontario Policy.† In addition, the City of Ontario reserved the right to review all Internet sites that the employees visited and log all e-mail and Internet use, with and without notice. Access to the Internet and e-mail was not confidential, and all information produced is considered City property. Appellant signed an â€Å"Employee Acknowledgement† in 2000 in which he acknowledged that he had read the company policy regarding computer usage, Internet and E-mail. On April 18, 2002, Appellant attended a meeting with

Ethical Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues Essay Different people have different understandings of what constitutes ethical behavior. There are laws that help define what is legal and what is not, but the differences between moral ethics are not always clear. These types of moral ethics often lead to ethical dilemmas. According to Trevino Nelson (2007), â€Å"it might surprise many people to learn that there were few laws protecting consumers before the 1960s. At the turn of the last century, consumers didn’t even have the right to sue a manufacturer for defective equipment. † (p. 17) No matter what type of business is run, there are ethical and moral dilemmas attached and in some cases, legal issues arise from unethical-based decisions. Berry`s Bug Blasters is no exception to the rule. Berry`s Bug Blasters is a local company that terminates any type of pest including, armadillos, rodents, and bees. The friendly workers at Berry`s work with their clients to design a customized pest control plan. Berry`s mission statement states that they will use the safest methods for your family, home, and environment. One of the top ethical issues among pest control companies surrounds the controversy of the types of chemicals that are used while executing the termination of pests. Most of the pest control companies are known to use toxic, synthetic, and chemically-based pesticides. These types of pesticides have been known to be the most effective in the extermination of pests. However, they are not safe for people or the environment. The most common chemical used in pest control is Diazinon. Diazinon is used for household pests inside the home, or outside on the lawn. It kills a variety of insects and is classified as an acute and chronic health hazard. Diazinon is very toxic to wildlife and can be fatal if ingested. Recently, EcoSMART pest control was created. The scientists wanted to find a pesticide that will not harm a family. The scientists had a challenge on their hands. They had to discover natural ingredients that: â€Å"effectively kill pests, could be used around the home, family, and pets, and leave no toxic residue or run-off† (Meehan, 2010). The scientists found a way of creating the organic pesticide by using â€Å"essential oils that trees and plants use in nature as insect defense. They found all-natural plant oils which target the octopamine receptors in insects† (Meehan, 2010). The management of Berry`s Bug Blasters faced the ethical decision each time that they make a service call. Should they use chemicals that they know are not good for the environment and could potentially cause an individual a lot of health issues, or should they research and use a much safer chemical that may not be as effective as other pesticides. Other benefits of choosing Berry`s Bug Blasters is they are offering a monthly special to all customers for the first month and offer monthly extermination plans. There are ways to make sure that decisions that are made within a business are ethical. A business-person may ask him or herself how they would feel if his or her actions were publicized throughout the community. If the individual would not mind his or her family, friends, and community learning about the actions, then the decision is most likely ethical. However, if the individual did feel bad about others known the actions, the decision is probably unethical and should be reconsidered. The employees and management of Berry`s Bug Blasters will do whatever is in their power to protect a family as well as the environment. Although new ‘green’ pesticides may not seem as effective as older ones, more laws are coming out that prevent pest control companies in using anything toxic in order to protect the community. Berry`s Bug Blasters will face this ethical dilemma constantly as clients insist on using a chemical that will rid the pests once and for all without a doubt rather than take a risk with something not as strong.

Why Religion Is Important Essay -- Why Study Religion?

"You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself." -- Swami Vivekananda "I would rather live my life as if there is a God and die to find out there isn't, than live as if there isn't and to die to find out that there is." -- Albert Camus In this essay, I will explore the religious experience in general and some of its variations around the world. The focus will be on the types of religious beliefs and religious leaders, especially in small-scale societies. An exploration of Christianity, Judaism, Islam, or any other major religion is beyond the scope of this essay. The approach taken is that of cultural relativity--religious practices or beliefs are not evaluated in terms of their "correctness" or "sophistication" but, rather, in terms of their function within the societies that have them. What is Religion? A religion is a system of beliefs usually involving the worship of supernatural forces or beings. Religious beliefs provide shape and meaning to one's perception of the universe. In other words, they provide a sense of order in what might otherwise be seen as a chaotic existence. Religions also provide understanding and meaning for inexplicable events such as a loved one being killed in an earthquake or some other unpredictable force of nature. For most religious people, their beliefs about the supernatural are at the very core of their world views. Rituals in Religion The performance of rituals is an integral part of all religions. Rituals are stylized and usually repetitive acts that take place at a set time and location. They almost always involve the use of symbolic objects, words, and actions. For example, going to church on Sunday is a common religious ritual for Christians around the... ...what is right and wrong behavior. If individuals do the right things in life, they may earn the approval of the gods. If they do the wrong things, they may suffer supernatural retribution. For instance, the most sacred text of Islam, the Koran, not only provides detailed lists of specific kinds of crimes and appropriate earthly punishments, but it also gives descriptions of how to do mundane tasks such as eating specific kinds of food. The sacred texts of religions usually set precedents for proper behavior in common situations. The Judeo-Christian Bible stories of Adam and Eve, Cain and Able, Noah, Job, Moses, Solomon, and even Jesus provide examples of how virtuous people should lead their lives. It does not matter whether the sacred stories or myths of a religion actually occurred in every detail--they are still illustrative of correct thought and behavior.

Make Educating Girls a Priority Essay

The article emphasizes on providing education to every eligible girl in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It highlights that a girl who takes birth in South Asia or sub-Saharan Africa has to undergo desperate hardships such as poverty, disease, war or famine. Apart from that, she will also have to confront the disadvantage of being a girl. There is no culture, country and continent that are destitute of inequality. The root cause of girls not getting education is the cultural norms and economic hardships, which parents face. There is a norm of single-sex schooling in poor Muslim countries like Pakistan, Yemen, and Morocco and in the problem is that rural areas of those countries can afford only one public school that can be set for girls only. The inequality between girls and boys exist heavily in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and almost all of those countries come under the category of ‘Least Developed Countries’ (LDCs). One way for these countries to head towards economic development is by ‘making educating girls a priority’. Making separate schools in places where girls and boys are educated separately is one solution. It is believed that by building girls’ schools, the education gap can be eliminated to a great extent. Policymakers can strengthen the incentives for parents to send their daughters to school by setting the no-fee policy. However, in economics, nothing is for free. There is always someone or something that pays for it. A no-fee policy may be brought about by taking a portion of the people’s taxes. Another thing the policymakers can do is provide stipend for girls who enroll in girls’ school. This would surely increase the girls’ enrolment rate as the graph below indicates that the fall in fees from ‘f’ to ‘f1’ will lead to an increase in the enrolment rate from ‘e’ to ‘e1’. Providing every eligible girl in South Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa would contribute towards the country’s development because major studies of growth conclude that improved knowledge, higher efficiency, and better education play a vital role in the functioning and productivity of an economy. The World Bank has pointed towards human development which they believe better education, and family planning can promote development as effectively as capital investment in physical plant. As the article states that 99% of the 529,000 women who die annually from pregnancy related hurdles come from developing countries and the reason for that is the lack of education for women in those countries. Uneducated women do not know the severe malnutrition and prenatal care during pregnancy which puts both the child and the mother at serious risk. Expenditure on human capital – better educated, health, and nutrition – tends to reduce birth-rates and infant mortality. The women will be educated and will be able to effectively take part in family planning as she will be aware of the consequences. Having a controlled population means a positive result in the GNP per capita which is the result of subtracting the population growth rate from the GNP growth rate. Educating the girls will privilege them to be able to raise their child effectively in a civilized manner. Educated women will be aware of dangers such as HIV/AIDS, poor sanitary habits and poor dietary habits. So basically they will be aware of the environment around them and above all they will know their rights and therefore fully stand up for themselves. So, educating the girls would not only benefit themselves but the society as a whole as well. So education helps the overall population and on a larger scales the whole world. Apart from giving a country an efficient work force, education makes the individual able to read, write, and communicate. When the people in a society are capable to bring forth their views, opinions and debates, it brings a social change and the changing attitudes of people may achieve a number of developmental aims. Providing education to the girls would also add to the country’s labor force which would definitely lead to an increase in economic growth. Therefore an economic development would shift the country’s Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) curve to the right as shown in the graphs below. In my opinion, I would say that providing education to girls in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa by building single-sex schools is a much appreciated step because of the numerous benefits it will contribute to the world. However it has to be taken into consideration that in some parts of the world providing co-education is unacceptable for example the northern areas of Pakistan. Therefore single-sex education will be a much better choice as it will be acceptable and also appreciated. However, single sex education is said to be not as beneficial as the co-education because in co-education pupils of both gender get to interact with each other and learn much more than they can in single education. But single sex education will be the only choice that can be perused in areas where co-education is not allowed. Although building single-sex schools will have an opportunity cost as the government will have to sacrifice something in order to afford the cost of building schools, but I would say it is all worth it. When the girls of a country are educated they will definitely add to the country’s work force and educating girls means educated women in the country which means that they will know how to properly raise their children and nurture them. There are many benefits which the country will have from providing education to the girl. There are short term benefits as well as long term benefits. More emphasis will be on the long term benefits as you know that it will take time before the women of the country will all be educated and it will take time to have an impact of providing education to girls on country’s women literacy rate. I also found the idea proposed in the article by the policymakers about handing the money to the mother of the school-going girl, instead the men. Handing the money to the women is a very effective and well-thought idea as mothers are more concerned about their children’s health and nutrition.

Philippine Independent film Essay

Background of the Study Since today is a fast changing world and that media are a big influence to what the society is now, Philippines has no escape to this impact. As a matter of fact, Philippines is one of the countries most influenced by media. From the latest trends of fashion down to which dish washing being used is based on what is seen and heard from different mediums. The media either as forums in which important issues are debated or as storytellers that carry beliefs and values across people, space, and time are central to the creation and maintenance of our various cultures (Baran, 2012). The audiences can take an active role in shaping the culture in the mass communication process that at the same time, shapes them. Media, particularly television are used by media practitioners and media audiences for mass communication purposes to further important social, political, or cultural bases. Television is one of the most used medium today. Watching movies is the cheapest form of entertainment for th e Filipino masses. It affects and echoes what the society is now. From teleseryes to  advertisements, the television has this impact to the viewer’s mind consciously and unconsciously. Thus, giving the media the responsibility to offer the audience ethical and valuable information. A film acts as a medium of communication in the form of language, by means of signs which are used to express the inner reality of movie makers. These are certain values contributed or communicated by movies and they are either beneficial or harmful to the total development of viewers (Maligalig, 1997). Mass Media is one of those factors that affect a person’s value formation among themselves, particularly among the youth. Since Filipinos are fond of entertainment and the television itself, we are easily moved by the fast growing industry. Along with this fast growing industry is the much wider acceptance of audience to the messages conveyed by media. According to Rodman (2006) people become increasingly dependent on media and media content to understand what is going on around them, to learn how to act meaningfully, and to escape. Read more:  Philippine Cinema Analysis Today’s generation, the most current subject is the social and political status of the country, may it be a trend in social media about issues such as sexuality and whether it may be posted as positive or negative. Along with this growing film industries is the freedom of expression to which the Philippine independent film is known. In accordance to this freedom of expression the local film industry has the sky as their limit to whatever they are to portray in their works. Philippine cinema, in short, appears to have reached full circle: it is at the stage of refining and formulating its own conventions and, in the process, getting in close contact with the ferment in the other arts and at the same time, the serious critical attention and concern of people with a broader interest in culture. This is inevitable; as an art form the cinema in the Philippines can no longer remain isolated from the main current of sensibilities and ideas that shape other artistic forms, such as lit erature, painting, the theater, etc. Neither can it fly from the actuality of social life which, after all, is the source of all artistic expression (Daroy, 2014). Philippine independent films being independent to the messages they want the audience to convey must be aware of how they portray their subjects, particularly political and social issues. This is probably the most sensitive topics that the country is facing for many years and in line with this, media are a big contributor to how the people perceive this kind of  medium. In today’s media, movies and films are very well thought and planned that it is not impossible for them to enter the minds of the viewers. It somehow affects and changes their own perceptions about things, may it be positively or negatively. But another concern is how well the viewers are aware of this kind of issues. They can easily take in messages sent by movies or films but cannot filter which is to enter and which is not. As an art form, film reflects the culture and the beliefs of the people it caters to and most of the times is the one who shapes their consciousness (Daroy, 2014). The Philippines is a palimpsest where traditional, modern and postmodern influences manifest themselves contemporaneously. Its politics is traditional, its culture modern and its media postmodern. Understanding the role of new technologies, such as digital media, under circumstances requires an appreciation of incommensurable factors that are nevertheless intercalated. The surface of Philippine politics appears imperturbable but underneath it, notions of the political are being reformulated as a consequence of the new media and its globalizing influence (Pertierra, 2012). As a communication student, the researcher would want to gain more knowledge about the Filipino’s level of awareness to independent films. Whether it mirrors the reality and situations that is happening around or is it just another mere entertainment for them. Indie films as what it is usually called, tackle real life sensitive issues that the society experience. Most commonly they are known for bold exposures of reality. Revealing the truth and setting no boundaries, making it as realistic as it can. But as generation changes so does the film industry. Nowadays, we are inside the mainstream era wherein almost everything in televisions are for trends. On making films that either feeds intellectual hunger or satisfies escapist entertainment lies a very curious and questioning fascination of how Filipinos and the human beings in general relate to each other and to the world. Due to an intellectual hunger that needs to be fed, Philippine independent films confronts real life issues that the society experience while mainstream movies offer the mass market escapist entertainment which divert away from reality (http://www.studymode.com/essays/Philippine-Independent-Films-Versus-Mainstream-Movies-1049850.html., pg. 1). In this generation where indie film is being widely accepted, produced and even nominated in some known film festivals  and gain v arious awards, the researcher considered that it is timely to make a study of Philippine independent film and how it is used as a medium in portraying the country’s political and social issues. Statement of the Problem This study aims to find out the nature of Philippine independent films, how they feature the country’s political and social issues and how they affect the viewers. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: a. sex? b. age? c. religion? d. nationality? e. civil status? f. educational attainment? g. profession? 2. What is the level of exposure of the respondents when it comes to Philippine indie films? 3. What political and social issues are portrayed in Philippine Independent Films? 4. What is the level of effectiveness of Philippine independent films as: a) watchdog? b) forum for exchange of opinions? c) teacher? Significance of the Study Since indie films are racing up to the top and is now more appreciated by the audience, this study would benefit most Filipino viewers. Since it aims to tackle the social and political awareness of Filipinos on what they perceive from Philippine independent films. It can give them consciousness that what is portrayed in televisions are true or not. Give them evaluations to how they will filter the freedom of expression through films and awareness to their contribution to the society’s issues. Specifically, people behind the media can benefit from this study. Since they are a great impact and influence to the viewers. Their awareness and ethical values to how they affect the audience with their works whether it is proficient and  educational or just another form of entertainment that allows the people to escape the real problems of life. Also, this study would also benefit communication students that will give them awareness that they are big contributors in shaping the society. And that it all depends in their ethical values and ability to deliver efficient films or mediums to the people. To the local mass media which are mostly the audience of this films. For their awareness of the importance and out-turn of such mediums and their contribution to social and political awareness. Scope and Limitations The study focuses on the Philippines political and social issues as portrayed in indie films and as perceived by the audience. The researcher will use four Indie movies which are randomly selected by the researcher. The researcher will conduct a film review for the respondents and will be conducting a survey based on the film the respondents watched. Though this study focuses on the social and political issues portrayed by Indie Films, it also aims to study other aspects indie film features concerning the country’s culture in the film industry to give further and broader knowledge about the Philippine indie film. The study’s locale is the Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation in Lucena City. The respondents of the study are students enrolled in Art Appreciation class, Sociology class, Ethics class, Society and Culture class and professors from the College of Arts and Sciences who are advisers of the chosen classes. Theoretical Framework The attitude change theory is adapted from psychology. Mass Communication theorists adapt these borrowed theories to questions and issues in communication. People’s behavior with regard to issues more important— democracy, ethnicity, government, and gender roles, for example is influenced by the attitudes and perceptions presented by our mass media (Baran, 2012). In respect to this theory, mass media being highly influential has a great impact to how the audience will see and understand messages delivered in Indie Films. Meanwhile the magic bullet theory, from the name itself ‘bullet’  conceptualizes on the idea that, whatever the media portrays it is easily accepted by the audience. Like a bullet that easily strikes. So, in this case whatever idea it is delivered in a social and political indie film, it is no surprise that the viewer might have a sudden change of perception towards his own. On the other hand, cultural theory has the underlying assumption that our experience of reality is an ongoing, social construction, not something that is only sent, delivered, or otherwise transmitted to a docile public†¦ Audience members don’t just passively take and store bits of information in mental filing cabinets, they actively process this information, reshape it, and store only what serves culturally defined needs (Baran, 2012). Audiences still filter what they hear and see in films. Issues being tackled in Indie movies are relatively events happening in the real world. So, it depends on the viewer whether it is the truth for him or not. Dependency theory argues that especially in our complex and changing society, people become increasingly dependent on media and media content to understand what is going on around them, to learn how to behave meaningfully, and for escape (Baran, 2012). So, Indie films features the culture particularly the social and political aspect of the country, and becomes a way to inform people about the issues being compromised. Related to this is the agenda setting, a theory that argues that media may not tell us what to think, but media certainly tell us what to think about. Television is an effective medium where the message is left for the audience to think about, unconsciously affecting the way they perceive things. This falls to cultivation theory which states that television viewing can have long-term effects that gradually affect the audience. Their primary focus falls on the effect of viewing in the attitudes of the viewer as opposed to created behavior. Media, movies in particular has that certain power to cultivate us with the messages they bring. Cultivation theory as the idea that television constructs a version of the world that, despite its potential inaccuracies, becomes the accepted reality simply because the culture believes it to be true. Similar to this is social-learning theory which tells that people can learn new ideas and behavior from watching other  people. Though actions are learned and seen on television, we cannot keep the viewers from adapting the culture of the characters in movies. Showcasing new ways of talking, dressing, socializing etc. which are different from the culture that the viewers were accustomed to. For example is the way Filipinos are today, generally the teens in their way of socializing and being liberated which is adopted from American films. Conceptual Framework Mass Communication theories such as attitude change theory, magic bullet theory, cultural theory, dependency theory and agenda setting theory. All theories that explains the role of mass media in cultivating and affecting the audiences, the families and individuals. Yet, it is hard to measure the level of influence social media has given the viewers’ when it comes to social and political issues that is conveyed in indie films. Philippine independent film is part of the mass media which cultivates and transform the way people see and perceives the social and political aspects, which can be considered as the most controversial issues today. People respond differently to films depending upon their gender, race, class, sexual orientation, and personal background. Since this art form of sending messages is part of the social media and considering the mass communication theories, it can have comparative effects in social and political views and the method of their understanding and acceptance to this matter and how it happens. To further explain the background, the researcher prepared an illustration that will serve as the conceptual paradigm. Figure 1. Conceptual paradigm of the study. Definitions of Term The following terms are made for clarity and more understanding Aspect as used in the study, refers to a particular part or feature of a matter Awareness means the state of having knowledge of, understanding of, appreciation, recognition, perception, or familiarity with a particular matter (http://www. thefreedictionary.com/awareness). Culture means a refined understanding or appreciation of this (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Effectiveness means existing in fact, though not formally acknowledge as such (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Forum refers to meeting or medium for an exchange of views (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Impact is a marked effect or influence (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Indie film as used in this study is a film produced not belonging to a major record company Influence refers to the power or ability to affect someone’s beliefs or actions (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Knowledge refers to information and skills acquired through experience and education and awareness or familiarity of a fact or situation (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Political refers to the government or public affairs of a country (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Portrayal means a representation or act or process of depicting or portraying (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/portrayal). Sensitivity as used in the study refers to the sensitivity of a person towards a given matter Social relating to society (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). Teacher as used in the study refers to a medium where knowledge or experience is acquired Watchdog refers to a person or a group that monitors the practices of companies providing a particular service or utility (Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003). CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURES This chapter will discuss related literatures and studies that will support the research. These studies will be contributions of information, facts and ideas regarding the Philippine independent films and how it perceives social and political issues in the country. RELATED LITERATURES Film is an artistic language which is expressed by means of images in motion, with or without sound (http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/taps/tapspp0103.pdf). Films have a historically determined form and structure that create meaning and they have a complex set of conventions to communicate meaning and make it accessible. We as viewers have helped create the structure and conventions of films by enjoying what we see on screen and wanting to see more of the same. Like all aspects of popular culture, films develop out of a curious kind of negotiation process, in which filmmakers attempt to understand what we want to see, and we let them know if they are right by buying tickets and renting videos (Kolker, 1999). There are many things in our lives that we don’t want to take seriously. Movies are one of them. We go to the movies to be entertained, scared, grossed out; to make out, spend time, have something to discuss afterward. But we don’t often want to think about movies as a serious part of our emotional or intellectual lives, or even treat them with the same intensity we use when we discuss sports or politics. Outside of a film study course we rarely hear other people engaged in a discussion of films that goes much deeper than plot or characters (Kolker, 1999). Film is not only entertainment but is part of industrial and political culture (Kolker, 1999).  All nations, our own included, understand the power of film and television to influence their people, to propagandize values and ideologies (Kolker, 1999). The unstable nature of the country is reflected in the film industry. The prospects of good films in the Philippines, according to Red, is very bleak. But he stresses, that there are encouraging signs. Whenever foreign film festivals come around, the low-budget films of alternative Filipino moviemakers are invariably invited. That fact is a clear sign, says Red, that good filmmaking has managed to endure – that in the general garbage heap of the Filipinos, a few worthy gems still manage to shine. Movies are a powerful force in Philippine society. Movies, more than just a source of entertainment, reflect a nation’s personality. On the silver screen takes shape all the hopes, dreams and fantasies of the common man: legends, love, the stuff of myths and make believe. Its heroes become larger than life, often attaining the stature of demigods. They are looked upon as  role models, serving as resources of inspiration (http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/taps/tapspp0103.pdf). In the constantly changing world of the Filipino film industry, film festivals have become windows through which the Philippines let the world see its screen images. It leaves a glimpse of ideas that tackles the issues of the country. Film making plays a major role in our industry right now, it leads into the development of the Filipino culture in terms of creativity and artistry. It may lead on reaching different people’s perspectives, and opens the mind of the people about what is really happening in the society. Indie films create a huge impact not only in the country but also internationally. It catches a lot of attention even without entering the mainstream, simply because the industry has elevated into a different level already. The writers evolve as well, gaining new ideas, different perspectives, and a lot more stories. Artistic form is best thought of relation to a perceiver, the human being who watches the play, reads the novel, listens to a piece of music, or view the film. Perception in all phases of life is an activity (Bordwell & Thompson, 2004). Movies are a powerful force in Philippine society. Movies, more than just a source of entertainment, reflect a nation’s personality. That is why it is all the more saddening to note the dismal state of our movie industry. Each week, we are confronted by a sordid parade of sex, violence, and asinine comedies (http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/taps/tapspp0103.pdf). To say that independent filmmaking has become the soul of Philippine cinema is no longer an exaggeration. For years, Filipino independent filmmakers like Kidlat Tahimik (Perfumed Nightmare, 1977), Raymond Red (Anino, 2001), and Brillante Mendoza (Kinatay, 2009) among many others have received critical acclaim worldwide. As film festivals, competitions and distribution channels such as Cinemalaya and Cinema One have motivated young maverick filmmakers in recent years, indie films have become synonymous to creative content and perspectives for many Filipinos today. Although the Philippine indie film industry has come a long way from its early developments in the Marcos era when realistic portrayal of Filipino society in the arts was not considered â€Å"beautiful† by the dictatorship, government support is still lacking to sufficiently help  indie filmmakers (http://film.culture360.asef.org/magazine/in-focus/the-situation-and-directions-of-philippine-independent-cinema/#sthash.vFxrZDtu.dpuf). According to Bohn, Hieber and Unguraid (2000), along with sleep, work and school, mass communication consumption are the activities that dominate Americans’ lives and that it consumes about one-third of the average day The rise of Philippine Independent Films may have been a big step for inspiring Filipinos who wants to captivate their audience through what their perspective is when it comes to what is going on around them. On trivial escapism is by a very curious and questioning fascination of how we Filipinos and the human beings in general relate to each other and to the world. Whether they are about social commentary, political statement, psychological study, or keen insights into human relationships, all of these topics represent controversial subjects that are catered specifically to niche audiences and markets (http://www.lideshare.net/dmonalon/philippine-indie-films-7622088). In the end, what distinguishes independent cinema is its priority for artistic endeavor (over financial gain, vis-à  -vis mainstream cinema) while still being accessible to the audience (vis-à  -vis alternative experimental cinema). Each filmmaker attempts to show his own story in an original way (http://film.culture360.asef.org/magazine/in-focus/the-situation-and-directions-of-philippine-independent-cinema/#sthash.vFxrZDtu.dpuf). According to Film.Culture.300.org., there have been several issues on Philippine independent filmmaking that have become apparent especially after its emerge a few years ago. One of these is the prevalent theme of poverty that exoticizes, even exploits, Filipino poverty. As said by a local Indie writer, Paul Sta. Ana, that the main issue here is the intention of the filmmaker which, he admits, is hard to determine. The question is whether filmmakers are producing these films because they want to reveal Filipino reality or they seek the attention of international film festivals. He says that context is crucial not only in conceptualizing and presenting the  material of the film but also understanding the subject position of the filmmaker. RELATED STUDIES The first decade of the twenty-first century is, without a doubt, a turning point or Philippine cinema. The relations and dynamics of the nation and its cinema have changed dramatically in the face of the democratization of the medium. Digital technology has shifted the landscape of production, distribution, and consumption of films in the country and has ushered in a new revitalized wave not only of independent cinema but also of studio and mainstream production towards an encompassing national cinema (Tiongson, 2013). Our films not only manifest our ingenuity, passion and creativity as a person; they also reflect our sensibilities, aspirations, and hopes as a nation (Tiongson, 2013). Philippine movies plays a vital role in the society. It has the power to build or destroy the society and its people, because film is a very influential medium. Movies as a form of artistic expression draws the widest audience because this is a very affordable kind of entertainment. For two hours or more, one could have some time for fun and relaxation (Corazon, 1996). But quality entertainment seemed hard to achieve nowadays. The filmmakers’ standards and purposes have changed, same with the moviegoers. Those good old days of the movie industry were gone. Excellent films are rarely produced and exhibited in the country. Accountable for this were the moviegoers who settle for cheaply-made flicks, and of course, the producers who cater to the public’s wants and desires to be able to gain profit. Film as an art form can transform an individual, a society, a nation. However, we have to stress the real definition of art – that it is a construct. The theory, procedure, production, dissemination and function of art (film, painting, music, dance, theater, crafts, etc.) are created or produced by individuals who are formed by the influence that perpetrate a western-based knowledge about the world and realities (Durian, 2013). It is not so much the fact that the characteristics of a country’s cinema reflect the peculiarities of its society which accounts for this relationship, but  rather the longer and less obvious facts that the artistic and moral worth of movies as a popular medium ultimately corresponds to a society’s collective mentality (Maligalig, 1997). Movies in our national experience have been composed of Foreign and Local film production, and this is a dichotomy which exist to the present day. Whenever we talk about films, audiences must be the one to choose whether they go for foreign or local films. Since we are Filipinos, we should patronize our own Tagalog movies, although Western films has its influence to our local movies. â€Å"The content of the movies does not seem much to determine the responses made and that the movie provides a powerful stimulus to fantasy life† Wallans Simpson. â€Å"Movies influenced them in regard to manners, social relations, morals, vocations and self-improvement. Invitation seems to be the single factor most apparent in their responses. After viewing a film youth are inspire to try to be like the hero, or influence their action behavior and conduct† Fleege. The effects of a movie presumably depend on the learning of material presented to members of the audience, and intelligence related ability to learn, but also it is related to other factors determining the effects of a movie. The more intelligent would be expected to be b etter in seeing general implications of the material presented even where conclusions are not explicitly drawn by the movie (Maligalig, 1997). Movies reflects the natural elements of life. Sometimes it portrays the reality of life. Furthermore, it encourages us to witness the facts and to tackle our beliefs. The influence of the movie is not only through beliefs. The influence of the movie is not only through the eyes of the viewers but also to their whole personality. It may affect the attitudes and behavior of the viewers. The encouragement of the movie makers to the viewers to the messages to the movie makers becomes negative. Why? The purpose of the movie makers is to persuade the audience and the audience purpose is to be entertained. Whatever the message is, either positive or negative, the viewers must be the agent on how to react to it. The negative effects of movie brings the viewer’s more to action (Maligalig, 1997). Mass media are capable of affecting, influencing and changing our attitudes and behavior. Whatever message id presented to us is said to have a powerful success that may either be negative or p ositive depending on how it is presented and how we are going to react to it (Maligalig, 1997) Movies, films and cinema were  aspects of art. Movies become an even more powerful medium for entertainment and the transmission of ideas, it projects reality and the illusions of reality on theatre scenes, in TV sets in millions of homes, in schools, classroom and in building walls in isolated villages (Maligalig, 1997). Viewers and moviegoers are those people who go for watching films and movies. However, they classify as the receiver and the destination whatever the message is. Whenever we talk about messages, it creates knowledge and information which will become the receiver’s thinking and how to react to it (Maligalig, 1997). Under this condition, the viewers will not be benefited and will emerge as losers in the end. Why? The producers will continue making money with their low budgeted and cheaply made flicks. Not to mention the negative effects entailed by these types of films to the viewers. Hence, the moviegoers should rise from their long sleep and demand for more quality pictures. Through this, we can help bring back those days of the Philippine cinema (Mendoza, 1996). CHAPTER III METHODS AND PROCEDURES This chapter tackles about the techniques and procedures that will be used by the researcher in coming up with the study. It includes the research design, research locale, respondents, sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure, statistical treatment and the analytical framework. Research Design In this study, the researcher used a quantitative approach. Specifically, a reception analysis which aims to identify the aspect, and system of communication Philippine independent film has that dominates Filipinos when it comes to their perspective in political and social issues and how this films deliver their messages. Related literatures and studies will be analyzed in order to support and provide more information to the answers provided by the respondents together with the summarized findings of the questionnaire. Research Locale The study will be conducted in Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation because of its proximity and the availability of the necessary data. The researcher chose the locale because of the respondents’ abilities in answering the given questions. In order to get different perceptions coming from people from different backgrounds and culture the researcher would be conducting the survey to five different classes specifically; Art Appreciation, Society and Culture w/ FP, STD, HIV &ADIS, Socio-Anthropology, Philippine Literature and Ethics. Respondents The respondents of the study would be coming from several classes. Particularly Art Appreciation classes, Socio-Anthropology class, Society and Culture, and Ethics classes. Professors from this classes would also be given a questionnaire, believing that they have more experience and wider point of view and knowledge about the political and social issues in the Philippines and they would have more proficiency when it comes in interpreting Indie Films. The five classes were chosen in order to have answers coming from students with somewhat relevant curriculum which we can relate in understanding films, specifically Philippine indie film. And get different point of views as well from students from different backgrounds and have different attitudes. Sampling Procedure The sampling design used by the researcher is purposive sampling and random sampling. The purposive sampling is used to gather different perceptions regarding the study, this goes for the students from the different classes and the professors. And the random sampling would be used for the Mass communication students and Psychology students in order to have comparisons between the respondent’s reactions. This design is also used so that there would be a balance answer coming from those who study and familiarizes themselves with films and its effects on viewers and those who does not. Research Instrument The researcher will use a questionnaire in order to supply necessary information to complete the study. In order for the researcher to conduct an  interview and survey, the researcher will conduct a film review for the four (4) chosen classes. Aside from the questionnaires and copies of indie films, conclusions from different materials regarding Philippine independent film and articles about the country’s political and social issues will also be used in order to support the study. The researcher will also put her personal conclusion in addition of the study. Data Gathering Procedures The researcher gathered materials and information from books, internet sites, articles and related studies for further issues. Articles and related literatures will be analyzed in order to support the study. It is also used to widen the ideas and add knowledge for the study. Questionnaires will be distributed to the respondents to get perceptions. Later on, the researcher will analyze the gathered data and will interpret the information. The summary will be from the outcomes of the gathered materials information and from the interpretation made from the questionnaires. Statistical Treatment There will be two procedures in formulating the gathered data. The gathered data will be tallied and tabulated through the use of the following formula: This formula will be used for the demographic profile and in formulating the survey. 1. Percentage P=_f_ x 100 N where: P=percentage f=frequency/number of responses n=total number of respondents 2. Weighted Mean WM=∑fw N where: WM=weighted mean ∑fw=sum of the product of the frequency and the weight N=number of respondents REFERENCES (2013, 01). Level of Awareness on Philippine Independent Films.StudyMode.com. Retrieved 01, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Level-Of-Awareness-On-Philippine-Independent-1346190.html (2013, 09). Philippine Cinemas in the 90s. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 09, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Philippine-Cinemas-In-The-90S-39052510.html (2012, 07). Philippine Independent Films Versus Mainstream Movies: Intellectual Hunger or Escapist Entertainment?. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 07, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Philippine-Independent-Films-Versus-Mainstream-Movies-1049850.html (2013, 07). Philippine Independent Cinema. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 07, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Philippine-Independent-Cinema-1805617.html 2010, 12). Truthness in and of Filipino Independent Films: a Gadamerian Hermeneutical Approach. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 12, 2010, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Truthness-In-And-Of-Filipino-Independent-518688.html (2012, 08). E xpectations on Independent Films. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 08, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Expectations-On-Independent-Films-1070291.html (2012, 07). Film. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 07, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Film-1048908.html (2013, 03). Sigwa. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2013, from

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The President Essays - Heads Of State, Titles, Free Essays The President Article II of the US Constitution grants the president numerous powers and responsibilities, but the the authority granted to the modern presidency far exceeds the constitutional definition of office. And through the years, a variety of presidential roles have evolved that were not originally or specifically outlined in the Article. Some of these roles were legislated by congress, the courts granted some, and powerful presidents assumed others. The president?s first role is as chief executive, the head of the executive branch and most of its workers. He is responsible for the ethics, loyalty, efficiency, and responsiveness of the federal government and its employees. The evolution of the chief executive?s primary role provides a useful example of how the presidential power has developed through the years. At the outset, the Constitution granted the chief executive the power to appoint all officials in the executive branch, but after George Washington?s term. Custom gave the chief executive power to remove appointees. Finally, legislation granted him the power to reorganize agencies and to prepare the budgets. In the role of chief of state, the president acts as a ceremonial head of the federal government. This is an extremely important role, for in this capacity, the president must greet distinguished visitors, bestow medals, and host state dinners. The impression he gives others while performing these duties can help him gain support, lift his reputation, and help towards reelection. President William Howard Taft once said the president must act as ?the personal embodiment and representative of the dignity and majesty? of the people, the government, and the laws of the United States. The president also serves as commander in chief of the nation?s armed forces, which makes him ultimately responsible for the nation?s defense. He appoints and removes generals, makes key military decisions (such as when and where to wage war), and negotiates armistice terms. During wartime emergencies, the president is also entitled to restrict civil liberties, to exert greater control over the economy, to seize industries, to fix wages and prices, and to settle labor disputes. Finally the commander in chief alone decides when and if the nation will use its atomic weapons. This role is extremely important because in acting out his decisions, the president is deciding the future of the nation, and we the people are putting extreme powers in the hands of one man. Though he is influenced by his associates and generals about the proper actions in times of political crisis, the last decision is up to the president. People who are not supporters of the president or his decisions te! nd to panic in times of war, and thus it is extremely important that the president makes the impression to the nation as a competent and capable man who one can have faith in. Another extremely important role that the president takes on is that of the nation?s chief diplomat. Although the Constitution attempted to divide diplomatic affairs between the president and congress, these affairs have become primarily a presidential responsibility. He negotiates treaties and executive agreements, manages foreign alliances, recognizes new governments, appoints and supervises diplomatic personnel, and receives foreign ambassadors. The Constitution accords the president the power to veto congressional bills and recommend legislation to congress. This means that if the president disapproves of a bill (this usually happens when a bill contradicts the president?s political group or personal beliefs), he can respond with a ?message veto? and return the bill to Congress with a message stating the reasons he has for not signing it. This helps Congress ?edit? the bill in such a way that the president will pass it, though many times it looks completely different than the original bill that they began with. If Congress is about to adjourn, the president can also respond with a ?pocket veto? and refuse to sign the bill within ten days. If Congress adjourns within that time, the bill will not become law. In modern times, the president also has a responsibility to the legislature: he must annually address Congress on the state of the Union. The roles of chief executive, chief of state, commander in chief, chief diplomat, and a key legislator originated in the Constitution. But over

How Insulin Was Discovered

How Insulin Was Discovered The experiment that led to the initial discovery of insulin- the hormone manufactured in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood- almost didn’t happen. How Insulin Almost Wasnt Discovered For years scientists have suspected that the secret to controlling elevated levels of glucose lay in the inner reaches of the pancreas. And when, in 1920, a Canadian surgeon named Frederick Banting approached the head of the University of Toronto’s physiology department with an idea about finding that secret, he was initially rebuffed. Banting suspected a mysterious hormone was being produced in a section of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans. He theorized that the hormone was getting destroyed by the pancreas’ digestive juices. If he could shut down the pancreas but keep the islets of Langerhans working, he might find the missing substance. Fortunately, Banting’s persuasive powers prevailed and department head John McLeod gave him lab space, 10 Langerhans hormone before it could be isolated. If he could stop the pancreas from working, but keep the islets of Langerhans going, he should be able to find the stuff!  experimental dogs, and a medical student assistant named Charles Best. By August of 1921, Banting and Best succeeded in extracting hormones from the islets of Langerhans- which they called insulin after the Latin word for island. When they injected the insulin into dogs with high blood sugar levels, those levels dropped quickly. With McLeod now taking an interest, the men worked quickly to duplicate the results and then set about running a test on a human subject, 14-year-old Leonard Thompson, who saw his blood sugar levels lower and his urine cleared of sugars. The team published there findings in 1923 and Banting and McLeod were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine (Banting shared his award money with Best).  On June 3, 1934,  Banting was knighted for his medical discovery. He was killed in an air crash in 1941.

Guidepals City Guides Overtake on Today's Original Paper City Guides Research

Guidepals City Guides Overtake on Today's Original City Guides - Research Paper Example Using a Smartphone allows it easier to communicate, and the substantial difference with a Smartphone, is that you can access a browser, Internet, directly via your device. This includes blogs and social networks, which gives media a massive competitive advantage (Cromar, 2010). A later developed feature to the phone that has become a market changer is apps. Software applications are a vital element of the Smartphone market today. Every Smartphone operating system contains an online shop where apps can be bought and downloaded to the Smartphone to extend the functionality of the Smartphones (Cromar, 2010). 3 An app is a web application accessed over a network such as the Internet. It is computer software seen as a program that permits the utilizer to access the content he (she) is looking for more easily. Apps can be written in a standard format such as HTML and JavaScript. Go give an example of an app: Bank of America encompasses an app where one can see your account, look after your transactions and reach the bank directly via your device (Rollins, 2012). ... It is believed that, considering speed and booming market of today’s smartphones, the ordinary paper city guide will disappear and that the current companies providing them should switch over to digital usage, to be still able to be able to compete with companies already using digital city guides through smartphones. To prove this study, I will refer to GuidePal (www.guidepal.com), One of the major players in the market today that provide city guides apps for Smartphones on all major platforms. It is a Swedish company, passionate about travelling, providing free city guides, completely objective, unbiased, constantly updated and created by local experts (www.guidepal.com). 4 Problem Statement: â€Å" GuidePal application has overtaken original paper city guides† 4 Aim & Objectives 4 The aim of this research study will be to show how much of the industry, the digital city guide (city guides for smartphones) is taking over. To show the clear correlation between guided tra velling today compared to 5 years ago, towards city guides. The aim of this study is also to answer questions in forms of: What it takes for a company to create city guides for smartphones? How much it costs to develop? What is attractive through the consumer’s eyes in a city guide today? What functions are there to today’s city guides via smartphones offering? How will digital city guides affect paper recycling? The purpose of this study are to give a clear vision to the consumer, how much more easy, giving, environment friendly and convenient it is to use digital city guides instead of a classic paper guide. 5 Literature Review 6 Due to today’s technology and development will